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Evidence review

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References

Educational work by a pre-medical student — not medical advice. Not a clinical protocol, prescription, or patient handout, and not for patient care. See DISCLAIMER.

This is the single master reference list for the repository. It covers every source cited in George-BreastRecon-Review-v8.md (the manuscript) and in 02_Comparative_Educational_Review.md, 03_Patient_Communication_Analysis.md, and 04_Postoperative_Recovery_Considerations.md. The documents cite sources by author and year; the numbers below are shared by all documents. Entries 60–66 were added in November 2026 (see the end of the list). Superseded guidance is marked historical and kept for context.

Formatting follows a modified AMA style. Entries are listed alphabetically by first author. On 27 October 2026, NCBI ESummary metadata were retrieved for all 58 PMID-bearing entries and DOI identities matched case-insensitively. The National Academies record confirmed the remaining book identifier. Available PubMed abstracts were read for claim/population checks; entries without abstracts and claims beyond abstracts are not thereby full-text verified. See REFERENCE_AUDIT.md. The "Cited in" note lists the documents that cite each source (M = manuscript; 02, 03, 04 = component documents).

Repository release 2026.11 (list created October 2026; entries 60–66 added November 2026)

  1. Aarab Y, Ramin S, Odonnat T, et al. Pectoral nerve blocks for breast augmentation surgery: a randomized, double-blind, dual-centered controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2021;135(3):442–453. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000003855. PMID 34195767. Cited in: M

  2. Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(5):365–376. doi:10.1093/jnci/85.5.365. PMID 8433390. Cited in: 04

  3. Albrecht E, Kirkham KR, Liu SS, Brull R. Peri-operative intravenous administration of magnesium sulphate and postoperative pain: a meta-analysis. Anaesthesia. 2013;68(1):79–90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07335.x. PMID 23121612. Cited in: M

  4. Albrecht E, Kern C, Kirkham KR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of perineural dexamethasone for peripheral nerve blocks. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(1):71–83. doi:10.1111/anae.12823. PMID 25123271. Cited in: M, 02

  5. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: an updated report. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(2):268–286. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000053. PMID 24346178. Cited in: 02

  6. An R, Wang D, Liang XL, Chen Q, Pang QY, Liu HL. The postoperative analgesic efficacy of different regional anesthesia techniques in breast cancer surgery: a network meta-analysis. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1083000. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1083000. PMID 37056343. Cited in: M, 02

  7. Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology. 1999;91(3):693–700. doi:10.1097/00000542-199909000-00022. PMID 10485781. Cited in: M, 02, 03

  8. Ardon AE, George JE 3rd, Gupta K, et al. The use of pectoralis blocks in breast surgery: a practice advisory and narrative review from the Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia (SAMBA). Ann Surg Oncol. 2022;29(8):4777–4786. doi:10.1245/s10434-022-11724-9. PMID 35428960. Cited in: M, 02

  9. Barry MJ, Edgman-Levitan S. Shared decision making — the pinnacle of patient-centered care. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(9):780–781. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1109283. PMID 22375967. Cited in: M, 03

  10. Bashandy GM, Abbas DN. Pectoral nerves I and II blocks in multimodal analgesia for breast cancer surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40(1):68–74. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000163. PMID 25376971. Cited in: M, 02

  11. Beloeil H. Opioid-free anesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2019;33(3):353–360. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2019.09.002. PMID 31785720. Cited in: M, 02

  12. Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, et al. Health literacy interventions and outcomes: an updated systematic review. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 199. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2011. PMID 23126607. Cited in: M, 03

  13. Blanco R. The 'pecs block': a novel technique for providing analgesia after breast surgery. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(9):847–848. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06838.x. PMID 21831090. Cited in: M, 02

  14. Blanco R, Fajardo M, Parras Maldonado T. Ultrasound description of Pecs II (modified Pecs I): a novel approach to breast surgery. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2012;59(9):470–475. doi:10.1016/j.redar.2012.07.003. PMID 22939099. Cited in: M, 02

  15. Blaudszun G, Lysakowski C, Elia N, Tramèr MR. Effect of perioperative systemic α2 agonists on postoperative morphine consumption and pain intensity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(6):1312–1322. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825681cb. PMID 22546966. Cited in: M, 02

  16. Bowyer A, Jakobsson J, Ljungqvist O, Royse C. A review of the scope and measurement of postoperative quality of recovery. Anaesthesia. 2014;69(11):1266–1278. doi:10.1111/anae.12730. PMID 24888412. Cited in: M, 04

  17. Braddock CH 3rd, Edwards KA, Hasenberg NM, Laidley TL, Levinson W. Informed decision making in outpatient practice: time to get back to basics. JAMA. 1999;282(24):2313–2320. doi:10.1001/jama.282.24.2313. PMID 10612318. Cited in: 03

  18. Brinck EC, Tiippana E, Heesen M, et al. Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;12(12):CD012033. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012033.pub4. PMID 30570761. Cited in: M, 02

  19. Burns LC, Ritvo SE, Ferguson MK, Clarke H, Seltzer Z, Katz J. Pain catastrophizing as a risk factor for chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. J Pain Res. 2015;8:21–32. doi:10.2147/JPR.S64730. PMID 25609995. Cited in: M

  20. Chen J, He L, Shi Y, et al. Effect of opioid-free anesthesia combined with pectoral nerve block on the quality of recovery in patients after mastectomy: a randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2025;20(4):e0320592. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320592. PMID 40179095. Cited in: M

  21. Cohn E, Larson E. Improving participant comprehension in the informed consent process. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(3):273–280. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00180.x. PMID 17760802. Cited in: M, 03

  22. Eltorai AE, Naqvi SS, Ghanian S, et al. Readability of invasive procedure consent forms. Clin Transl Sci. 2015;8(6):830–833. doi:10.1111/cts.12364. PMID 26678039. Cited in: M, 03

  23. Elwyn G, Frosch D, Thomson R, et al. Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(10):1361–1367. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2077-6. PMID 22618581. Cited in: M, 03

  24. Fink AS, Prochazka AV, Henderson WG, et al. Enhancement of surgical informed consent by addition of repeat back: a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2010;252(1):27–36. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181e3ec61. PMID 20562609. Cited in: M, 03

  25. Forsythe ME, Dunbar MJ, Hennigar AW, Sullivan MJ, Gross M. Prospective relation between catastrophizing and residual pain following knee arthroplasty: two-year follow-up. Pain Res Manag. 2008;13(4):335–341. doi:10.1155/2008/730951. PMID 18719716. Cited in: M

  26. Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S, et al. Fourth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(2):411–448. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004833. PMID 32467512. Cited in: M, 02. Historical; superseded by entry 63.

  27. Han PKJ, Klein WMP, Arora NK. Varieties of uncertainty in health care: a conceptual taxonomy. Med Decis Making. 2011;31(6):828–838. doi:10.1177/0272989X11393976. PMID 22067431. Cited in: 03

  28. Horlocker TT, Vandermeuelen E, Kopp SL, Gogarten W, Leffert LR, Benzon HT. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine evidence-based guidelines (fourth edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(3):263–309. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000763. PMID 29561531. Cited in: 02. Historical; superseded by entry 65.

  29. Hussain N, Brull R, McCartney CJL, et al. Pectoralis-II myofascial block and analgesia in breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2019;131(3):630–648. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000002822. PMID 31408448. Cited in: M, 02

  30. Institute of Medicine. Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004. doi:10.17226/10883. Cited in: M, 03

  31. Jacobs A, Lemoine A, Joshi GP, Van de Velde M, Bonnet F; PROSPECT Working Group. PROSPECT guideline for oncological breast surgery: a systematic review and procedure-specific postoperative pain management recommendations. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(5):664–673. doi:10.1111/anae.14964. PMID 31984479. Cited in: M, 02. Historical for major breast surgery; superseded by entry 61.

  32. Kamiya Y, Hasegawa M, Yoshida T, Takamatsu M, Koyama Y. Impact of pectoral nerve block on postoperative pain and quality of recovery in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(3):215–223. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000762. PMID 29227351. Cited in: M

  33. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg. 2008;248(2):189–198. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31817f2c1a. PMID 18650627. Cited in: M, 02, 04

  34. Kim DH, Oh YJ, Lee JG, Ha D, Chang YJ, Kwak HJ. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided serratus plane block on postoperative quality of recovery and analgesia after video-assisted thoracic surgery: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(4):1353–1361. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002779. PMID 29324496. Cited in: M, 02

  35. Laskowski K, Stirling A, McKay WP, Lim HJ. A systematic review of intravenous ketamine for postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58(10):911–923. doi:10.1007/s12630-011-9560-0. PMID 21773855. Cited in: M

  36. Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(3):292–298. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4952. PMID 28097305. Cited in: M, 04

  37. McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS. Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs. 2010;70(9):1149–1163. doi:10.2165/10898560-000000000-00000. PMID 20518581. Cited in: M, 02

  38. Mulley AG, Trimble C, Elwyn G. Stop the silent misdiagnosis: patients' preferences matter. BMJ. 2012;345:e6572. doi:10.1136/bmj.e6572. PMID 23137819. Cited in: M, 03

  39. Myles PS, Hunt JO, Nightingale CE, et al. Development and psychometric testing of a quality of recovery score after general anesthesia and surgery in adults. Anesth Analg. 1999;88(1):83–90. doi:10.1097/00000539-199901000-00016. PMID 9895071. Cited in: 04

  40. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Fettiplace MR, et al. The third American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine practice advisory on local anesthetic systemic toxicity: executive summary 2017. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(2):113–123. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000720. PMID 29356773. Cited in: M, 02

  41. Neal JM, Neal EJ, Weinberg GL. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine local anesthetic systemic toxicity checklist: 2020 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(1):81–82. doi:10.1136/rapm-2020-101986. PMID 33148630. Cited in: M, 02

  42. Nissen SE, Yeomans ND, Solomon DH, et al. Cardiovascular safety of celecoxib, naproxen, or ibuprofen for arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(26):2519–2529. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611593. PMID 27959716. Cited in: M

  43. Paasche-Orlow MK, Taylor HA, Brancati FL. Readability standards for informed-consent forms as compared with actual readability. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(8):721–726. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa021212. PMID 12594317. Cited in: M, 03

  44. Politi MC, Han PKJ, Col NF. Communicating the uncertainty of harms and benefits of medical interventions. Med Decis Making. 2007;27(5):681–695. doi:10.1177/0272989X07307270. PMID 17873256. Cited in: M, 03

  45. Pusic AL, Klassen AF, Scott AM, Klok JA, Cordeiro PG, Cano SJ. Development of a new patient-reported outcome measure for breast surgery: the BREAST-Q. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(2):345–353. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181aee807. PMID 19644246. Cited in: M, 03, 04

  46. Sepucha KR, Fowler FJ Jr, Mulley AG Jr. Policy support for patient-centered care: the need for measurable improvements in decision quality. Health Aff (Millwood). 2004;Suppl Variation:VAR54–VAR62. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.var.54. PMID 15471772. Cited in: 03

  47. Shevde K, Panagopoulos G. A survey of 800 patients' knowledge, attitudes, and concerns regarding anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1991;73(2):190–198. doi:10.1213/00000539-199108000-00013. PMID 1854034. Cited in: 03

  48. Stacey D, Légaré F, Lewis K, et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4(4):CD001431. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001431.pub5. PMID 28402085. Cited in: 03

  49. Stark PA, Myles PS, Burke JA. Development and psychometric evaluation of a postoperative quality of recovery score: the QoR-15. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(6):1332–1340. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318289b84b. PMID 23411725. Cited in: M, 04

  50. Sun L, Zhu X, Zou J, Li Y, Han W. Comparison of intravenous and oral acetaminophen for pain control after total knee and hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(6):e9751. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009751. PMID 29419667. Cited in: M

  51. Sun Q, Liu S, Wu H, et al. Clinical analgesic efficacy of pectoral nerve block in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(14):e19614. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000019614. PMID 32243387. Cited in: M, 02

  52. Temple-Oberle C, Shea-Budgell MA, Tan M, et al. Consensus review of optimal perioperative care in breast reconstruction: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Society recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(5):1056e–1071e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000003242. PMID 28445352. Cited in: M, 02

  53. Teo I, Reece GP, Christie IC, et al. Body image and quality of life of breast cancer patients: influence of timing and stage of breast reconstruction. Psychooncology. 2016;25(9):1106–1112. doi:10.1002/pon.3952. PMID 26360810. Cited in: M, 03, 04

  54. Versyck B, van Geffen GJ, Van Houwe P. Prospective double blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of the pectoral nerves (Pecs) block type II. J Clin Anesth. 2017;40:46–50. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.03.054. PMID 28625445. Cited in: M

  55. Vigneault L, Turgeon AF, Côté D, et al. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain control: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58(1):22–37. doi:10.1007/s12630-010-9407-0. PMID 21061107. Cited in: M, 02

  56. Waldron NH, Jones CA, Gan TJ, Allen TK, Habib AS. Impact of perioperative dexamethasone on postoperative analgesia and side-effects: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(2):191–200. doi:10.1093/bja/aes431. PMID 23220857. Cited in: M

  57. Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Colin P. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56(8):893–913. doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0507-7. PMID 28105598. Cited in: M, 02

  58. White PF, Kehlet H, Neal JM, et al. The role of the anesthesiologist in fast-track surgery: from multimodal analgesia to perioperative medical care. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(6):1380–1396. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000263034.96885.e1. PMID 17513630. Cited in: 02

  59. Yang L, Du S, Sun Y. Intravenous acetaminophen as an adjunct to multimodal analgesia after total knee and hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2017;47:135–146. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.09.011. PMID 28919091. Cited in: M

Entries added November 2026

These entries were added in the November 2026 source-currency update. They are numbered after the original alphabetical list so that existing numbers in all documents stay the same. Their identifiers were checked against publisher, society and indexed PubMed listings by web search, not by the NCBI ESummary run used for entries 1–59, and they are not included in reference-identity-audit.json. Identifiers that could not be confirmed are marked "identifier unverified". For entries 60, 61 and 63, only abstracts and summaries were reviewed, not the full text.

  1. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Pain Management. 2026 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guideline on perioperative pain management using local and regional analgesia for cardiothoracic surgeries, mastectomy, and abdominal surgeries. Anesthesiology. 2026;144(1):19–43. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000005790. PMID 41363869. Cited in: M, 02

  2. Desai N, Dirzu DS, Zolger D, et al.; PROSPECT Working Group of the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy. Pain management after major oncological breast surgery: an updated systematic review and procedure specific postoperative pain management (PROSPECT) recommendations. Anaesthesia. 2026 (published online 12 August 2026). doi:10.1111/anae.70313. PMID 42581686. Cited in: M, 02. Current PROSPECT statement for major oncological breast surgery; supersedes entry 31 for major surgery.

  3. Foo I, Macfarlane AJR, Srivastava D, et al. The use of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative pain and recovery: international consensus statement on efficacy and safety. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(2):238–250. doi:10.1111/anae.15270. PMID 33141959. Cited in: M, 02

  4. Gan TJ, Jin Z, Ayad S, et al. Fifth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting: executive summary. Anesth Analg. 2025 (published online 14 November 2025). doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000007816. PMID: identifier unverified (an earlier repository link to PMID 41237407 could not be confirmed and has been removed). Cited in: M, 02, 03. Supersedes entry 26.

  5. Kharasch ED, Clark JD, Kheterpal S. Perioperative gabapentinoids: deflating the bubble. Anesthesiology. 2020;133(2):251–254. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000003394. PMID: identifier unverified. Cited in: M (editorial; included for context under the stated exception)

  6. Kopp SL, Vandermeulen E, McBane RD, et al. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine evidence-based guidelines (fifth edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025 (published online 29 January 2025). doi:10.1136/rapm-2024-105766. PMID 39880411. Cited in: 02. Supersedes entry 28.

  7. Verret M, Lauzier F, Zarychanski R, et al. Perioperative use of gabapentinoids for the management of postoperative acute pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2020;133(2):265–279. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000003428. PMID 32667154. Cited in: M, 02

Author and License

Collin B. George, pre-medical student ORCID: 0009-0007-8162-6839 GitHub: github.com/collingeorge

This reference list is part of an independent scholarly work. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, reviewed by, or issued on behalf of any healthcare, academic, or professional organization.

Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

© 2025–2026 Collin B. George — https://github.com/collingeorge/Breast-Reconstruction-Analgesia-Review

Source and scope

Published from Breast-Reconstruction-Analgesia-Review/06_References.md at revision 6aa82c36f2c9. Full source text is retained; HTML presentation does not establish independent clinical review. Narrative educational analysis; selected source checks do not establish a systematic review.